Risk Assessment/Methodology

A climate change risk assessment must consider at least three areas: the future pathway of global emissions; the direct risks arising from the climate’s response to those emissions; and the risks arising from the interaction of climate change with complex human systems. Each of these areas contains large uncertainties. From our assessment, we draw the following conclusions about the most significant risks.

Groundnut is an import cash crop in Ghana and an essential component of the diet of many Ghanaians. In 2009, Ghanaian farmers produced 495,000 metric tonnes of groundnuts on 346,900 ha. Production tripled between 1995 and 2005 (Yaw et al. 2008). Groundnut is grown throughout the country, but is most important in the two regions of the north, Northern and Upper East, where about a fifth of farmers name groundnut as one of their two most important crops.

After two consecutive seasons of inadequate rainfall since 2010, the impacts of drought have dominated the humanitarian scene across the Horn of Africa (HoA) from mid-2011. The terms such as risk reduction, vulnerability reduction and resilience building are increasingly becoming the new 'hot topic' being highlighted at various drought fora and included in numerous drought-focused project documents.

As a food-producing sector, aquaculture has surpassed both capture fisheries and the terrestrial farmed meat production systems in terms of average annual growth rate. However, it has a number of biosecurity concerns that pose risks and hazards to both its development and management, and to the aquatic environment and society. Aquaculture faces risks similar to those of the agriculture sector. However, as aquaculture is very diverse (in terms of species, environments, systems and practices), the range of hazards and the perceived risks are complex.

Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) are integral tools for managing and assessing the efficiency and effectiveness of investments in agricultural research and extension (ARE) systems. However, monitoring and evaluation of ARE project performance, outcomes, and impact has been a significant challenge. Moreover, the increased focus of donors and borrowers on impact has resulted in a high demand for expertise in M&E.

The purpose of this book is to provide information on how to transform and strengthen pluralistic agricultural extension and advisory systems in moving toward the broader goal of increasing farm income and improving rural livelihoods. The focus of this book is primarily on the technical knowledge, management skills, and information services that small-scale farm households will need to improve their livelihoods in the rapidly changing global economy.

The aim of this report is to provide decision-makers with a systemic way of answering questions related to climate adaptation, including: What is the potential climate-related loss to our economies and societies over the coming decades? How much of that loss can we avert? What investement will be requierd - and will teh benefits of investment outway the costs?

The purpose of this report is to provide guidance to World Bank staff involved in the implementation of hydrometeorological-related early warning systems through the modernization of National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs). The principle sources of information for warning systems are the International Strategy For Disaster Reduction (ISDR), the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and countries that have implemented early warning systems successfully.

Over the last two decades the level of coffee production has gradually increased, largely due to liberalisation of markets, while the price of coffee on  the world market has declined and has become more prone to fluctuations.  This has implications for those involved in the coffee commodity chain, including coffee farmers who still endeavour to produce a crop of acceptable quantity and quality but  for reduced economic returns. Under such conditions farmers find it increasingly difficult to acquire those resources required for good crop management.

Document: 

U3071CoffeeManual.pdf